![]() ![]() This pattern recognition is usually associated with callose depositions, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), activation of the miRNA pathway, a series of downstream signal transduction events, and expression of defense-related genes, all of which are termed PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) 1, 2, 3. ![]() The first layer of defense is the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as flagellin Flg22 and chitosan, by multiple pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) at the cell surface. ![]() This survival is due to multilayer immune functions that diminish destructive attacks by potential pathogens and improve the defense systems of the plants 1. Nevertheless, plant species survive and persist. Plants are subjected to innumerable forms of stress, from extreme climate to microbial pathogens. Silencing TaISP by virus-induced gene silencing in a susceptible wheat cultivar reduces fungal growth and uredinium development, suggesting an increase in resistance against Pst infection. Expression of Pst_12806 in plants reduces electron transport rate, photosynthesis, and production of chloroplast-derived ROS. Pst_12806 interacts with the C-terminal Rieske domain of the wheat TaISP protein (a putative component of the cytochrome b6-f complex). Pst_12806 is upregulated during infection, and its knockdown (by host-induced gene silencing) reduces Pst growth and development, likely due to increased ROS accumulation. It suppresses plant basal immunity by reducing callose deposition and the expression of defense-related genes. Transient expression of Pst_12806 inhibits BAX-induced cell death in tobacco plants and reduces Pseudomonas-induced hypersensitive response in wheat. tritici ( Pst), that is translocated into chloroplasts and affects chloroplast function. Here we identify a haustorium-specific protein (Pst_12806) from the wheat stripe rust fungus, Puccinia striiformis f. Chloroplasts are important for photosynthesis and for plant immunity against microbial pathogens. ![]()
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